Judicious Antibiotic Use in Long Term Care Facilities Program

Clostridium difficile: References and Useful Links

• McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996–2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Mar

• Redelings MD, Sorvillo F, Mascola L. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Sep; [Epub ahead of print]

• Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, Forget K, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ. 2004;171:466-72.

• Layton BA et al.. Changing patterns of Clostridium difficile disease: a report from infectious diseases physicians. Program and abstract of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America). IDSA 2004;150:2005.

• Dallal et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann. Surg. 2002; 235(3): 363-372.

• Ricciardi R et al. Increasing Prevalence and Severity of Clostridium difficile Colitis in Hospitalized Patients in the United States. Arch Surgery 2007; 142(7): 624-631.

• Tan ET et al.. Clostridium difficile–associated disease in New Jersey hospitals, 2000–2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Mar.

• Warny et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005; 366(9491):1079-84.

• McDonald et al. An Epidemic, Toxin-Gene Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile. New Eng J Med 2005; 353:2433-41.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Clostridium difficile associated disease in populations previously at low risk. MMWR 2005; 54:1201-05.

• Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 1998;351:633-6.

• Ozawa TT, Valadez T. Clostridium difficile infection associated with levofloxacin treatment. Tenn Med 2002;95:113–5.

• Walker KJ et al. Clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. J Am Ger Soc. 1993 ; 41(9):940-6.

• Wanahita A et al.Conditions Associated with Leukocytosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital, with Particular Attention to the Role of Infection Caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:1585-92.

• Gerding et al. Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea and Colitis. Inf Cont Hosp Epi 1995; 16:459-477.

• Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N. et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1586-90.

• Johnson S et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117(4):297-302.

• Polgreen PM et al. An outbreak of severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease possibly related to inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Inf Cont Hosp Epi 2007; 28:212-14.